What Is Combined Footing and Its Types?

Introduction

The footing is the most important structural component of building, whose main function is to transfer the whole load of structure to the soil safely. There are various types of footing in the construction which we were discussed in types of foundation.  In this article we are discussing the combined footing.

What Is Combined Footing?

·   When more than one column which are supported in row, placed on the common footing is called combined footing.

·    In combined footing mostly two columns are placed on a footing, exceptionally the columns are more than two.

·   Combined footing is used when the load bearing capacity of soil is low, then individual footing area should be increased.

·   The combined footing is useful when there is need of uniformly distribution of superstructure load to substructure. The selection of ideal footing depends on the depth at which hard strata lies, the soil conditions, and the type of superstructure.

 

What Are The Conditions For Combined Footing Preferred?

·   The distance between two columns is small, and their footings overlap with each other.

·   Soil bearing capacity of soil is low.

·  One column is closed to property line or sewer pipe.

·   The center of gravity of footing and column is not equal.

Types of Combined Footing

The main aim of footing is to distribute load uniformly under the whole area of footing. To get it, center of gravity of footing area should coincide with the center of gravity of total loads of the two or more columns.

To achieve this, the combine footing have following shaped in plane,

1.      Rectangular Combined Footing

2.      Trapezoidal Combined Footing

3.      Strap Combined Footing

4.      Raft Combined Footing

 

1.      Rectangular Combined Footing

·   The Rectangular combined footing is the type of combined footing, which is rectangular.

·    The footing is supporting two or more columns, which distributed equal loads to the soil.

 

2.      Trapezoidal Combined Footing

·   The trapezoidal combined footing is the type of combined footing which is trapezoidal.

·   The footing is used where columns on the trapezoidal footing transferred unequal load of superstructure.

·  When column closes to property line, therefore to avoid footing spreading front of property line trapezoidal footing is constructed which helps to construct column.

 

3.      Strap Combined Footing

·   The strap combined footing is constructed when column is very near to property line.

·   By using strap beam and strap footing, which is combination of spread footing two columns are connected.

·   The connecting beam between two spread footings does not transfer any load, only strap footing is transferring load from the heavily loaded column to inner column.

                                          

4.      Raft Combined Footing

·   When the soil has poor bearing capacity, which cannot carry proper load, in such condition raft footing is preferred.

·   Raft footing prevents the structure from overturning, and structure can construct with no. of floors.

·  Columns are much closed to each other, raft is required.

·  Raft footing is constructed where strip footing or spread footing is not constructed.

 

 

  

Different Types of Tile for Flooring And Wall

 

Introduction

When we are thinking about aesthetic view of building or house, look of flooring and walls take in consideration.  So the look of wall and flooring can make attractive and beautiful by using the materials such as different types of tile, which enhance the look of building.

Tiles are most affordable flooring material which has lasting beauty, durability, and good functionality.

After installation of tile, they are easy to clean and maintain. Tiles are made up from different types of materials like metal, stone, quartz, clay and terrazzo, etc.

When we are selecting tiles for flooring and walls, we have to know the difference between them. The floor tile should have COF (coefficient of friction) rating of 0.5 or greater so that tiles can maintain the appropriate level of friction to walk on.

Floor tiles have water absorption capacity of 3% which is smaller than wall tiles, which is 10%.

Different Types of Tile

1.     Ceramic Tile

                                I.    Porcelain Tile

                               II.    Quarry Tile

                              III.     Mosaic Tile

 

2.  Cement Tile

3.  Granite Tile

4.  Marble Tile

5.  Metal Tile

6.  Glass Tile

7.   Resin Tile

8.  Travertine Tile

9.  Terrazzo Tile

10.  Sandstone Tile

11.  Onyx Tiles

12.   Slate Tile

13.    Quartzite Tile

14.    Paver Tile

15.   Wooden Tile

                             I.  Hardwood Tile

                            II.   Faux Wood Tile

 

1.     Ceramic Tile

· Ceramic tile is prepared from clay and other natural resources. They are quarried, arranged and then molded in shape.

·  The ceramic tile is popular type of tile due to its durability, affordability, and versatility of its use, high resistance to abortion and scratches.

·   The ceramic tile is suitable in the any type of room in house, like bathroom, kitchen, porch, etc.

·   The ceramic tile is available in wide range of design, patterns and colors.

·   In the outdoor of building or structure they are not suitable to place due to it cannot deal with heat as wells the cold in winter.

         

· Following are some varieties of ceramic tiles,

 

1)    Porcelain Tile

2)    Quarry Tile

3)    Mosaic Tile

 

      I.    Porcelain Tile

·  The porcelain tile is made up from higher ratio of silica and quartz, and baked or fired at higher temperature.

·  The porcelain tile and ceramic tile have slight difference; porcelain tile is the classification or type of ceramic tile.

·  Porcelain tile is prepared with more refined clay.

·  It is harder and denser than ceramic tile; due to its hardness it is more durable than ceramic tile.

· The porcelain tile can be used t outdoor due to its hardness and it is strong to face heat and freeze as well.

· The porcelain tile is available in wide range of design, patterns and colors.

·  It is suitable for domestic as well as commercial building with low foot traffic.

 

   II.   Quarry Tile

· Similar to its name quarry tile are originated from quarries.

· They are made up from materials like clay, shale and feldspar which are mixed together and molded tiles.

· The quarry tile re suitable for indoor as well as outdoor, due to its hardness.

· Hardness is acquired through the materials which are used in the formation of quarry tile.

 

III.   Mosaic Tile

·  The mosaic tile is most popular tile for the creative interior design.

·  It is suitable for small room like kitchen, bathroom, etc.

· The tiles are available in different shapes, colors and size.

·  The mosaic tile has small surface area of 1” X 1” or 2” X 2”.

· The tiles are easy to install and maintain.

· The tiles have the best application on wall.

 

2.   Cement Tile

· Cement tile is used from the 19^th  century, it is made up from natural components.

· The tile has available in various patterns and colors.

· The cement tile can use for both indoors and outdoors.

· They have to install properly in kitchen and bathroom with perfect slip- resistance.

· Due to its natural component the tile is eco-friendly.

· The cement tile is costlier than other type of tile, but it is perfect for modern- style home.

 

3.     Granite Tile

·Granite is the natural stone formed from dense and hard igneous rock.

· The rock has speckled minerals and unique veining which make it differ from the other types of tile. Similarly, every piece off granite has differed from each other.

·  It is found in various designs, patterns and colors.

·  It is durable as well as long-standing.

· It has hard surface so the tile is resistant to stains or scratches.

· It is suitable at high traffic areas as well as kitchen bathroom, living room, etc.

· It is suitable at wet placed because it cannot absorb water or moisture.

 

4.   Marble Tile

·  Marble is famous material for tiles, which is made up from natural marble stone.

·  It is an expensive tile but timeless and give luxurious looked.

· It is suitable at low traffic area and it requires special care.

·  It is available in low and high price also with various colors, design, and patterns.

·It can be scratched, stained easily so its cleaning is quite difficult.  

 

5.  Metal Tile

·Metal tile is having amazing durability and provides stylist and attractive look to the building.

· The cost of the tile is similar to natural stone tile.

· Metal works better on any work surface.

 

6.  Glass Tile

· The best quality of glass tile it is stain resistance, so it is the best alternative to natural stone.

·  It is stylist and glazed so gives aesthetic view to the structure.

· It is not suitable at high traffic areas.

· The glass tiles can easily crack but this tile is best for wall.

 

7.     Resin Tile

·The resin tiles are looked fabulous, and they are the best solution for combine style you want.

· The 3D patterns of resin tiles are famous for its imitation of the look of water and stones.

· It has disadvantage, with time it found yellow, due to the contact with sunlight.

 

8.  Travertine Tile

·Travertine is used for the manufacturing of travertine tile and travertine is a type of limestone i.e. a byproduct of hot spring, natural artesian springs, and caves around globe.

· The material is used from ancient times, which is available in various colors with rough texture.

· It provides natural look to the interior space with its timeless look.

·  It is durable with non-slip surface and used at moderate traffic floor.

· Similarly other natural stone tiles it is also impacted by water, stains and traction.

· It required good maintenance and resealing once-a-decade.

 

9.  Terrazzo Tile

· Terrazzo tile is the combination of different materials mainly includes marble, granite, quartz and glass.

· Curing, grounding, and polishing are process involved in the formation of terrazzo tile.

·  For high traffic, terrazzo tile is suitable due to its durability, smoothness, shine, attractive characteristics.

·  Due to its smoothness characteristics, the surface is slippery in nature so it is not suitable at house.

10.    Sandstone Tile

· Sandstone tiles e best for the outdoor area, they provide fantastic earthy appeal.

· They provide natural and unique look.

·  They are durable and long-lasting.

· They can be scratched and stained due to their absorption property.

· They are available in various colors, styles, and sizes.

 

 

11.   Onyx Tiles

·Onyx tiles are similar to marble tile; they are manufactured from a translucent, calciferous stone.

· They provide excellent appearance, so they are the best choice for living room.

·Due to brittle nature of stone, the strength of the onyx is less, but it can be increased by using rein, mesh or fiberglass.

·  They are available in different color, and used in indoors and at low traffic areas.

·  For the installation of the tiles, required skilled labors, so the cost is high.

 

 

12.   Slate Tile

· Slate is obtained from natural mineral deposits, which s used to form slate tiles.

· These tiles are durable and induce natural beauty.

·They are high slip resistance, provide safe floor to use.

·  They are easy to maintain but required professional for installation.

 

13.    Quartzite Tile

·  Quartzite is a metamorphic rock which is produced when sandstone rich in quartz is treated at high temperatures and pressures.

· Quartzite is the best application for flooring with less cost and beautiful appearance.

· It is durable, slip resistance and attractive.

 

14.    Paver Tile

·They are made up of pressed clay or concrete.

·They are placed at exteriors walkways, pool decking, floors, pool linings, patios.

·They are suitable at high traffic areas.

·They have high COF.

 

15.   Wooden Tile

· Wood has its ability to expand and contract, so at every season it is not affected by climatic conditions.

· Wooden tile increases the appearance of the floor or wall.

· There are different types of wooden tiles as follows,

 

                               I.   Hardwood Tile

                               II.  Faux Wood Tile

                       

I.     Hardwood Tile

·   Hardwood tiles are attractive and increasing value of homes.

·  They are easy to maintain, they don’t required replacement every few years.

·  They don’t show dirt and stains.

·  They are durable and last longer. 

II.    Faux Wood Tile

· They are made up of ceramic materials, but look like wood tile.

· They are combination of natural beauty of wood and the durability of tiles.

· They are more durable and water resistance than hardwood.

·  They are resisting scratching, and not absorbed water.

·  They are available in different colors and texture with less cost than hardwood tile.